| Contributions in refereed journals, books, or proceedings: |
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| [12] |
Neumann, M. & Bredeweg, B. (in press): |
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A qualitative model of the nutrient spiraling in lotic ecosystems to support decision makers for river management |
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18th International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning (QR´04), 2.-4. August 2004, Evanston, Illinois, USA |
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The spiraling of resources in stream ecosystems is a well known phenomenon in the scientific literature. We implemented the necessary components of a nutrient cycle in a qualitative reasoning approach. The model includes entities that represent segments of a river and quantities for nutrients, autotrophs, and detritus, and employs three rates: uptake rate (from nutrients to autotrophs), retention rate (from autotrophs to detritus), and release rate (from detritus to nutrients) within the nutrient cycle. Each river segment also has a flow rate allowing only the nutrients to move from one segment to another. To enable the users to specify the character of a river segment we used attributes and to represent influences from the catchment area we used agents. The ideas presented in this paper represent our first approach to create an easy-to-use simulation setup so that stakeholders and decision makers can simulate specific scenarios and develop causal models of specific stream phenomena. |
| [10] |
Neumann, M.; Baumeister, J.; Puppe, F. (in press): |
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ILMAX: A System for Managing Experience Knowledge in a long-term Study of Stream Ecosystem Regeneration - an Application of Ecological Informatics. |
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MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL |
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We present the concept and first experiences for a web-based ecological knowledge management system ILMAX. It manages experience knowledge resulting from an ecological long-term investigation of the regeneration process of the stream Ilm (Thuringia, Germany). The tools used are iZone, a web-based content management system with an emphasis on information retrieval and feedback, and D3, a tool kit for building knowledge-based systems and for managing case bases. The difficult initializing phase of knowledge management systems was done by a knowledge champion gathering and structuring various kinds of text documents, data sheets and unpublished knowledge of domain experts.
Keywords: ecological informatics; restoration ecology; river; online content management system; iZone, community of practise; knowledge-based system; expert system, knowledge management system
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| [9] |
Neumann, M. & Baumeister, J. (in press) : |
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A rule-based vs. a model-based implementation of the knowledge system LIMPACT and its significance for maintenance and discovery of ecological knowledge. |
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Iin: Modelling community structure in freshwater ecosystems, eds. ??, 2004 Springer-Verlag, ??-?? |
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The knowledge system LIMPACT estimates the pesticide contamination of small lowland streams with agricultural catchment areas. The system considers the abundance of 39 macroinvertebrate taxa during four timeframes (T1: March/April, T2: May/June, T3: July/August and T4: September/October) within one year. The four diagnoses Not Detected (ND), Low (L), Moderate (M) and High (H) pesticide contamination represent a calculated annual toxic sum without any specification of the chemical agents. In this paper we present a new model-based implementation with set-covering relations including diagnosis exclusions. This type of knowledge base outperforms the former rule-based implementation in size and complexity, knowledge acquisition costs and explanatory characteristics. We were able to extract a common and average appearance of taxa in the specific group of streams. A wide range of common taxa with a tendency to more taxa in less severely contaminated streams. Only a few taxa indicate exclusively a specific contamination class. For the exclusion conditions there was a clear trend for more taxa to exclude streams in the High category than in the other classes.
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| [8] |
Neumann M., Liess M., Schulz R. (2002): |
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A sampling method for monitoring water-quality in temporary channels or sewers with pesticide contamination as example |
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Chemosphere: 51 509-513 |
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A water-sampling device to monitor the quality of water periodically and temporarily flowing out of concrete tubes, sewers or channels is described. It inexpensively and easily enables a qualitative characterization of contamination via these point-source entry routes. The water sampler can be reverse engineered with different sizes and materials, once installed needs no maintenance, passively samples the first surge, and the emptying procedure is short. In an agricultural catchment area in Germany we monitored an emergency overflow of a sewage sewer, an outlet of a rainwater sewer and two small drainage channels as input sources to a small stream. Seven inflow events were analysed for 20 pesticide agents (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides). All three entry routes were remarkably contaminated. We found parathion-ethyl concentrations of 0.3 µg/l, diuron up to 17.3 µg/l, ethofumesate up to 51.1 µg/l, metamitron up to 92 µg/l and prosulfocarb up to 130 µg/l.
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| [7] |
Neumann M., Baumeister J., Liess M., Schulz R. (2002): |
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LIMPACT: An expert system to estimate the pesticide contamination of small streams with macroinvertebrate bioindicators, Part 2: The knowledge base. |
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Ecological Indicators: 2 (4) 391-401 |
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The development and the evaluation of a biological indicator system for pesticide pollution in streams are presented. For small headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area, the expert system LIMPACT estimates the pesticide contamination according to the four classes Not Detected, Low, Moderate and High contamination without any specification of the chemical agents. The input parameters are the abundance data of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa within four time frames in a year (March/April; May/June; July/August; September/October) and 9 basic water-quality and morphological parameters. The heuristic knowledge base was developed with the shell-kit D3 and contains 921 diagnostic rules with scores either to establish or to de-establish a diagnosis. We differentiate between positive indicator (PI) taxa, which indicate contamination by high abundance values and positive abundance dynamics, and negative indicator (NI) taxa, a high abundance of which rules out contamination and indicates an uncontaminated site. We analysed 39 taxa and found 13 positive and 24 negative indicators. The database comprises 157 investigations per stream and year with rainfall event-controlled pesticide sampling and repeated benthic sampling as described in Part 1 (Neumann et al., this issue). For the evaluation of LIMPACT, we used the same cases. The correct diagnosis for the 157 investigations per stream and year is established by LIMPACT in 66.7 to 85.5% of the cases, with better results for uncontaminated sites. If each stream is considered only once in the system (n = 104), the correct diagnosis is established by LIMPACT in 51.9 to 88.6% of the cases. In most of the remaining cases no diagnosis is established instead of a wrong one.
.
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| [6] |
Neumann M., Liess M., Schulz R. (2002): |
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LIMPACT: An expert System to estimate the pesticide contamination of small streams with macroinvertebrate bioindicators, Part 1: The database. |
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Ecological Indicators: 2 (4) 379-389 |
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We developed an expert system (LIMPACT) to estimate the pesticide contamination of streams using macroinvertebrate indicators. Here, we present the database consisting of 157 data sets obtained from 1992 to 2000 through investigation of 104 small headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area. The contamination by pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) during rainfall events varied greatly in both water and suspended-particle samples, occasionally reaching ecotoxicologically relevant levels. On the basis of standardised toxicities, the data sets were grouped into Not Detected (n = 55), Low (34), Moderate (42) and High (26) contamination with pesticides. Additionally, nine water-quality and morphological parameters were evaluated with regard to their influence on the fauna and are used to exclude unsuitable streams from LIMPACT. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna data were divided into four time frames (March/April; May/June; July/August; September/October) and analysed regarding the abundance and the abundance dynamics of the 39 most common taxa. In contaminated streams, lower abundance for negative and higher for positive indicator taxa were observed. The number of taxa was significantly lower (unpaired t-test P < 0.015) in the most severely contaminated streams. Information abstracted from this empirical approach was used to create rules indicating or not indicating contamination and to build up the heuristic knowledge base of LIMPACT as shown in the Part 2 paper (M. Neumann, J. Baumeister, M. Liess, R. Schulz, An expert system to estimate the pesticide contamination of small streams using benthic macroinvertebrate as bioindicators. Part 2. The knowledge base of LIMPACT, Ecological Indicators, this issue).
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| [5] |
Neumann M., Baumeister J., Liess M., Schulz R. (2002): |
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LIMPACT: Ein Expertensystem zur Abschätzung der Pflanzenschutzmittel-Belastung kleiner Fließgewässer mittels der Makroinvertebraten-Fauna. |
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Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung 15 (3) 152-156 |
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Die Entwicklung, der Aufbau und die Evaluierung eines biologischen Indikatorsystems für die Pflanzenschutzmittel- Belastung in kleinen Fließgewässern wird vorgestellt. In Fließgewässern mit landwirtschaftlichem Einzugsgebiet stuft das Expertensystem LIMPACT die Belastung in vier Klassen ´unbelastet/nicht nachgewiesen´, ´gering´, ´mittel´ und ´hoch´ belastet ein. Eingangsdaten sind dabei die Abundanzdaten der benthischen Makroinvertebraten-Fauna zu vier Terminen im Jahresverlauf (März/April; Mai/Juni; Juli/August; September/Oktober) und neun physikalisch-chemische bzw. morphologische Fließgewässerparameter. Die Wissensbasis wurde mit dem Shellbaukasten D3 aufgebaut und enthält 921 Regeln zum etablieren oder de-etablieren einer Bewertungsklasse. Es wurden 39 Arten und Taxa analysiert und dabei 13 positive und 24 negative Indikatorspezies definiert. Positive Indikatorarten zeigen eine hohe Belastung durch hohe Abundanzen an, während negative Indikatorarten durch eine hohe Abundanz eine Belastung ausschließen und unbelastete Bäche anzeigen. Die Datenbasis enthielt 157 jährliche Untersuchungen und wurde auch zur Evaluierung eingesetzt. Die korrekte Klassifikationsrate liegt bei 66,7–85,5% der Fälle. Die meisten verbleibenden Fällen werden nicht falsch eingestuft, sondern infolge der konservativen Bewertung bei geringer Datengrundlage nicht klassifiziert.
Abstract
The development and the evaluation of a biological indicator system for pesticide pollution in streams are presented. For small headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area, the expert system LIMPACT estimates the pesticide contamination according to the four classes of Not Detected, Low, Moderate and High contamination without any specification of the chemical agents. The input parameters are the abundance data of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa within four time frames in a year (March/April; May/June; July/August; September/October) and 9 basic water-quality and morphological parameters. The heuristic knowledge base was developed with the shell-kit D3 and contains diagnostic rules with scores to either establish or de-establish a contamination class. We differentiate between positive indicator taxa, which indicate contamination by high abundance values and positive abundance dynamics, and negative indicator taxa, a high abundance of which rules out contamination and indicates an uncontaminated site. We analysed 39 taxa and found 13 positive and 24 negative indicators. The database is comprised of 157 investigations per stream and year. For the evaluation of LIMPACT, we used the same cases. The correct diagnosis for the 157 investigations per stream and year is established by LIMPACT in 66.7 to 85.5% of the cases, with better results for uncontaminated sites. In most of the remaining cases no diagnosis is established instead of an incorrect one.
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| [4] |
Neumann, M. and Dudgeon, D. (2002): |
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The Impact of Agricultural Runoff on Stream Benthos in Hong Kong, China. |
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Water Research: 36 (12) 3103-3109 |
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We investigated three small streams in the New Territories of Hong Kong, China. In each stream,we compared the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of one site immediately upstream of an area of agricultural land (market gardening) with a second site immediately downstream. Each pair of sites was <300m apart. Samples were taken at the end of the dry season (March 2000) and again (April 2000) just after heavy rainfall had caused runoff from the fields. The total number of taxa at the downstream sites was the same as that in the upstream sites in March. In April, the total taxon richness was lower at the downstream localities although this difference was statistically significant in only one stream. The acute toxic effect of runoff became clearer when focusing on the group of sensitive benthic fauna. The grouping was done by ranking the relatively physiological tolerance to organotoxins following the relevant literature (Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (2001) 360). All streams showed a significant downstream decrease in the number of sensitive taxa in April, while in two of three streams the number of relatively tolerant taxa increased. Ordination (by n-MDS) confirmed this pattern. It revealed a marked temporal trend in all streams resulting from a decrease of sensitive taxa downstream that was not apparent at the upstream sites. The size of the observed effects varied among streams,and may have reflected differences in the composition of the agricultural runoff.
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| [3] |
Neumann M., Schulz R., Schäfer K., Müller W., Mannheller W., Liess M. (2002): |
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The significance of entry routes as point and non-point sources of pesticides in small streams. |
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Water Research: 36 (4) 835-842 |
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In an agricultural catchment area in Germany we analyzed water samples from five entry routes for 2 insecticides, 5 fungicides and 13 herbicides. The sewage plant outlet and the emergency overflow of a sewage sewer contained only herbicides. In each farmyard runoff we found on average 24 g pesticides during application period, presumably caused by cleaning the spraying equipment. In comparison, the field runoff and the rainwater sewer contained less load, but also insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. The sewage plant caused 65.9% of the total herbicide load, the sewage sewer 19.8% and the farmyard runoff 12.8%. The farmyards also caused 83.7% of total insecticide and 83.8% of fungicide load. The total load of all entry routes is correlated with the amount of pesticides applied in the catchment area and the Kow value for each pesticide (mult. regress. r2: 0.82; p<0:0001; n = 14). In stream A the sewage plant caused a slight but continuous contamination by herbicides with 82% of the total load found during low-water phases. In comparison, stream B had only farmyard runoff and non-point sources, which caused high peaks of herbicide and a contamination by insecticides. Consequently, high-water phases generated 70% of the total pesticide load.
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| [2] |
Neumann, M. & Liess, M. (1999): |
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Estimation and Assessment of Insecticide-contamination in small streams with a rule-based Expert System [in German]. |
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In Ökosystemare Ansätze in der Ökotoxikologie, eds. J. Oehlmann and B. Markert, pp. 516-520. Ecomed Verlag, Landsberg. |
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Das vorliegende Expertensystem schließt eine Lücke im Spektrum der bisherigen Modellansätze zur Erfassung der Stoffbelastung von Gewässern. Durch den Ansatz, die Insektizidbelastungen eines Baches aufgrund der ökotoxikologisch bewerteten Reaktion der Biozönose zu erfassen, wird gleichzeitig auch eine Bewertung der Belastung vorgenommen. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden in der Wasserqualitätsüberwachung gesehen, wobei auch auf die vorhandenen Datensätze der Wasserwirtschaftsämter zurückgegriffen werden kann.
Das Expertensystem kann bei kleinen Fließgewässern eine qualitative Abschätzung der Insektizidbelastung vornehmen. Beim Aufbau der Wissensbasis des Expertensystems wurden ausschließlich Abundanzdaten der Makroinvertebratenfauna aus 64 Datensätzen benutzt. Es zeigt sich, daß zum einen große Dichten bestimmter Arten als Indikator dienen, während geringes oder fehlendes Vorkommen von Arten nur selten eine Aussage zuläßt. Ein wichtiges Kriterium war auch die gestörte Populationsdynamik im Jahresverlauf. Eine Anwendung ist auf Gewässer bis ca. 30 km Quellentfernung beschränkt. Das System wurde bereits an einigen Bächen validiert. Eine Erweiterung der Wissensbasis ist leicht möglich.
Abstract
The present expert system closes a gap in the spectrum of models proposed for evaluating pollution in bodies of water. In this ecotoxicological approach, by observing responses of the invertebrate community a measure of the insecticide contamination of a brook is simultaneously obtained. The system has potential applications in water-quality monitoring, possibly in combination with data sets already available from the relevant agencies.
With this expert system the insecticide contamination of small streams can be estimated qualitatively. The information base from which the system was constructed included exclusively abundance data for the macroinvertebrate fauna in 64 data sets. Whereas high densities of certain species have proved to be a useful indicator, low density or absence of species is rarely informative. Another important criterion was disturbance of the population dynamics in the course of the year. Application of the method is restricted to the stretch of a stream within ca. 30 km of the source. The system has now been validated in several brooks. It offers an opportunity for easy expansion of the information base.
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| [1] |
Liess, M., Schulz, R. & Neumann, M. (1996): |
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A method for monitoring pesticides bound to suspended particles in small streams. |
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Chemosphere 32, 1963-1969 |
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A Suspended Particle Sampler (SPS) is described with which pesticides bound to suspended particles can be readily monitored in small streams. Retention of the grain-size fraction below 0.02 mm grain diameter depends on the velocity of flow through the device, averaging 50% for 0.05 m s-1 and 15% for 0.41 m s-1. The advantage of the SPS lies in its simple, economical construction and in the slight expenditure of time and effort needed to use it. Comparison with other methods of monitoring short-term pesticide contamination shows that the contamination values provided by the SPS describe the actual contamination dynamics considerably better than do the data obtained by conventional sampling of suspended sediments.
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| Contributions in not refereed books, or proceedings: |
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| [6] |
Neumann, M., Bredeweg, B., Salles, P. & Nuttle, T. (2003): |
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Report from the First QRSER Workshop 6-8 March 2003 in Jena, Germany |
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Newsletter of the MONET Network |
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This report presents our initiative to start a pan-European collaboration to build qualitative reasoning models for stream ecosystem restoration and recovery. The first QRSER workshop was held in March 2003 in Jena, Germany, with 17 participants from Europe, Brazil and the USA. The program of the workshop was well balanced between theory and practice sessions. After an introduction to QR in general and to each participant’s research, focused lectures about QR in ecology were given. Participants had the opportunity to work out assignments and to practice building QR models. A discussion about the future development of the QRSER initiative (see www.qrser.de), possible projects, proposals, and meetings created a successful end to the first QRSER workshop. |
| [5] |
Neumann, M. (2003): |
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Ecological Informatics - Diverse Research with reference to Geoecology [in German]. |
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Forum der Geoökologie ISSN 09396632 14 (1) 4-6 |
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Die Ökologische Informatik wird in der internationalen Forschung als ein neues Forschungsgebiet in der Ökologie definiert. Die Diskussion über ihre Abgrenzung von anderen ökologischen Forschungsrichtungen fand ihren vorläufigen Höhepunkt auf der Third International Conference of Ecological Informatics (ISEI) vom 26. bis 30. August 2002 in Rom, Italien. Man fand eine Definition, wonach die Ökologische Informatik ein interdisziplinäres Rahmenwerk ist, welches die Anwendung der neuesten Informatiktechnologien auf Prinzipien der Informationsverarbeitung in und zwischen allen Komplexitätsstufen eines Ökosystems fördert. Die Ökologische Informatik hilft so in den bedeutenden Themen der Ökologie, wie Nachhaltigkeit, Biodiversität und globale Erwärmung, transparente Entscheidungsprozesse zu erreichen. |
| [4] |
Neumann, M. (2002): |
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ILMAX: A Online Content Management System for Anthropogene and natural Disturbance in the river Ilm - Basis for a conceptual model [in German]. |
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Tagungsbericht der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Limnologie (DGL) 30.09.-04.10.2002 in Braunschweig, ISBN 3-9805678-6-9, Band 1, 169-173. |
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Im Rahmen der letzten Phase des Graduiertenkollegs „Funktions- und Regenerationsanalyse belasteter Ökosystem“ sollen die vorliegenden Daten und das vorhandene Expertenwissen gesammelt ausgewertet werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Online Content Management System aufgebaut. Alle ehemaligen oder aktuellen Mitarbeiter haben über das Internet Zugriff und können ihr Wissen publizieren. Das Wissen wird so gesammelt, strukturiert und visualisiert und kann durch die Suchfunktion leicht wieder gefunden werden. Das System ILMAX wird ein Informationssystem zu den Störungen und der Funktionalität des Regenerationsprozesses der Ilm sein. Das vorhandene Wissen wird somit im Ganzen nutzbar für eine Modellierung. |
| [3] |
Neumann, M. (2002): |
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From Field Studies to an Expert System: Entry Routes, Effects and Biological Indication of Pesticides in Small Streams with mainly agricultural used Catchments |
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PhD Thesis at the Technical University of Braunschweig, 79 pages |
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Streams in agricultural regions are severely affected by inputs from the surroundings, and pesticides in particular, act as stressors for the aquatic community. The research presented here is part of the program of the Limnology and Ecotoxicology division of the Zoological Institute of the Technical University of Braunschweig. The thesis incorporates the three most important aspects of ecotoxicological field studies. First, there is an examination of the entry routes for pesticides, and a new sampling device is presented. Next, an example for the ecological effects of contamination and the reaction of the aquatic community is given. And finally, a synthesis is achieved by constructing a biological indicator system: the extensive data analysis is transferred into the knowledge base of an expert system, making complex ecological relationships generally accessible.
Section I – III: In an agricultural catchment area in Germany I compared the pesticide contamination of entry routes. In the farmyard runoff high herbicide concentrations were found, presumably caused by cleaning the spraying equipment. The field runoff and the rainwater sewer contained less load, but included insecticides. I developed a sampling device to monitor the quality of periodically inflowing water from point sources. It inexpensively and easily enables qualitative monitoring of these entry routes. In one stream the sewage plant caused a slight but continuous contamination by herbicides, and in the other stream non-point sources caused high peaks of herbicides and contamination by insecticides.
Section IV: In the New Territories of Hong Kong, China I investigated three small streams. In each stream the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of one site upstream of an area of agricultural land was compared with a second site immediately downstream. Samples were taken at the end of the dry season (March 2000) and again (April 2000) just after heavy rainfall had caused runoff from the fields. The potential acute toxic effect of runoff became clear by focusing on the most sensitive benthic fauna. All streams showed a significant downstream decrease in the number of sensitive taxa in April, while in two streams the number of relatively tolerant taxa increased. The effect magnitude varied, which may reflect differences in the composition of the agricultural runoff.
Section V – VIII: I developed an expert system (LIMPACT) to estimate the pesticide contamination of streams using macroinvertebrate indicators. The database consisted of 157 investigations of small headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area. The pesticide load was categorised, on the basis of standardised toxicity’s, as Not Detected (n=55), Low (34), Moderate (42) and High (26) contamination. Additionally, nine water-quality and morphological parameters were evaluated with regard to their influence on the fauna and when applying LIMPACT are used to exclude unsuitable streams. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna data were divided into four time frames (March/April; May/June; July/August; September/October) and analysed regarding the abundance of the 39 most common taxa. I differentiated between positive indicator (PI) taxa, which indicate contamination by high abundance values, and negative indicator (NI) taxa, a high abundance of which rules out contamination and indicates an uncontaminated site. The heuristic knowledge base was developed with the shell-kit D3 and contains 921 diagnostic rules. The correct diagnosis for the 157 investigations per stream and year is established by LIMPACT in 66.7 to 85.5% of the cases. The potential application of LIMPACT could be a yearly monitoring of streams and would reduce chemical analysis to the mandatory cases.
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| [2] |
Neumann, M., Schulz, R., Liess, M. (1999): |
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Non-point and point sources as entry routes for pesticides and their impact on two small streams [in German]. |
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Tagungsbericht der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Limnologie (DGL) 27.09.-01.10.1999 in Rostock ISBN 3-9805678-3-4 Band 1, 503-508. |
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Es werden Pflanzenschutzmittelnachweise aus der oberen Nette und dem Pletschbach (Kreis Viersen; NRW) vorgestellt. Die Wasserproben wurden mit ereignisgesteuerten Probenehmern im Zeitraum April bis Juli 1998 genommen. Beprobt wurde sowohl das Oberflächenwasser als auch alle relevanten Zuflüsse zum Gewässer.
Beide untersuchten Oberflächengewässer waren stark durch PSM-Wirkstoffe belastet. Die vorläufigen Zielvorgaben für PSM des LAWA-Arbeitskreis Zielvorgaben wurden deutlich überschritten. Die Nette ist in ihrem PSM-Belastungsprofil eindeutig durch die kontinuierlichen Einträge aus der Kläranlage dominiert. 77,4% der PSM-Fracht wird durch Belastungen bei Trockenwetterabfluß verursacht. In dem Pletschbach wurden vor allem infolge niederschlagsgebundener Einträge hohe Konzentrationen gefunden. Es wurden auch die Insektizide Fenvalerat und Parathion-ethyl nachgewiesen. Die PSM-Fracht wird hier zu 85,8% durch die Belastung der diffusen Quellen verursacht.
Die Eintragspfade ins Gewässer konnten differenziert charakterisiert werden. Die Kläranlage Dülken verursacht 87% der gesamten Belastung mit Herbiziden (Insektizide und Fungizide nicht nachweisbar). Insektizide und Fungizide werden durch diffuse Quellen eingetragen. 76,3% werden durch direkte Abläufe von landwirtschaftlichen Hofflächen verursacht (11,2% der Belastung durch Herbizide). Der Oberflächenabfluß von Ackerflächen und der Ablauf eines Regenwasserkanals verursachen die weiteren festgestellten Einträge in die Oberflächengewässer.
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| [1] |
Neumann, M. & Liess, M. (1996): |
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Abschätzung der Insektizidbelastung in Agrarfließgewässer - Aufbau eines regelbasierten Expertensystems. |
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Tagungsbericht der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Limnologie (DGL) 16.09.-20.09.1996 in Schwedt/O. ISBN 3-9802188-9-9 Band 2, 612-616. |
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Es wurde ein regelbasiertes Expertensystem aufgebaut mit dessen Hilfe sich Bäche aufgrund der Wirbellosendynamik im Jahresverlauf in Insektizidbelastungsklassen einteilen lassen. Grundlage waren 64 Abundanzdatensätze aus 30 Bächen und 8 Jahren. Das Expertensystem kann zur Zeit nicht alle Bäche klassifizieren, macht aber im Gegensatz zur Diskriminanzanalyse keine Fehler bei der Klassifizierung. Dieses erkennt gerade die hoch belasteten Gewässer nicht zufriedenstellend. Mit einem solchen System ließen sich in Zukunft die notwendigen chemischen Analysen reduzieren oder aber eintragsreduzierende Maßnahmen wie Gewässerrandstreifen bewerten.
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